Prostate Health: Prevention, Screening, and What to Expect

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Black men in the United States, and Black men are more than twice as likely to die from it compared to white men. Despite this, many men avoid discussing prostate health with their doctors — often due to fear, stigma, or lack of information.

The prostate is a small gland that produces seminal fluid. As men age, the prostate naturally enlarges — a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — which can cause urinary symptoms. Prostate cancer is different: it occurs when cells in the prostate grow abnormally and can spread to other parts of the body.

Early prostate cancer often has no symptoms. As it progresses, symptoms may include difficulty urinating, blood in the urine or semen, bone pain, and erectile dysfunction. Because early-stage prostate cancer is often asymptomatic, screening is critical.

The PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test is the primary screening tool. Elevated PSA levels can indicate prostate cancer, but also BPH or prostatitis. A digital rectal exam (DRE) may also be performed. The American Cancer Society recommends that Black men discuss prostate cancer screening with their doctor starting at age 40.

Treatment options depend on the stage and grade of the cancer, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Options include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. Many early-stage prostate cancers grow slowly and may not require immediate treatment.

Lifestyle factors also play a role. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains — and low in red and processed meats — may reduce prostate cancer risk. Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight are also protective. Don't wait for symptoms: schedule a conversation with your doctor today.